Spine surgery is typically considered when conservative treatments (physical therapy, medication, or injections) have failed to ease persistent or debilitating symptoms. Its primary goals often include decompressing compressed nerves to relieve pain, numbness, or weakness, stabilizing an unstable spinal segment, or correcting deformities such as scoliosis, often stemming from conditions like herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or spondylolisthesis.